Why China Struggles to Break Photolithography Monopoly

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography technology is regarded as a crucial element for producing advanced chips, used in printing intricate circuit stacks on silicon wafers. Dutch company ASML dominates the industry of these machines, which require a complex network of advanced components, including optics, lasers, and software. The manufacturing process involves enormous costs and investments, acknowledging the need for accumulated expertise to maintain performance. China faces efforts to develop indigenous alternatives to this technology, aiming to produce local machines by 2028-2030. However, technical and manufacturing challenges, along with export restrictions and American sanctions, hinder the replication of this advanced technology, highlighting its vital role in the global semiconductor race.

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