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How Mamluks ended Crusader rule in Beirut
In 1291, Mamluk forces led by Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil bin Qalawun managed to enter the city of Beirut, ending approximately 181 years of Crusader control over the city. This operation followed the fall of Acre and was part of a larger military campaign to strengthen Islamic influence in the region. It resulted in the reestablishment of Islamic rule in Beirut and a transformation of its identity as a prominent commercial and strategic city on the Mediterranean. With European influence waning, Beirut's position as an important port was solidified in Arab and Islamic history.
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