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The article, “The Knots of Military History,” discusses how past defeats—such as the United States’ failure in Vietnam—may lead countries to limit their military deployments or escalate in order to make up for what they see as a loss of prestige. It presents an American debate over military presence abroad, noting that the United States carried out 18 successful military interventions during the twentieth century, and that Russia has made strategic deployments part of its conception of national security. The article concludes that history helps policymakers when it is used for learning and critical analysis, but becomes a constraint when past experience is treated as a set of fixed rules or the present is assumed to be a copy of the past.
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