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The ten warning signs of kidney disease include blood in the urine, swelling around the eyes and in the feet, foamy urine, fatigue and difficulty concentrating, loss of appetite, nausea, frequent nighttime urination, dry and itchy skin, muscle cramps, and sleep problems. The disease can progress silently: according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 87% of people who have it are unaware of it. Symptoms alone are not enough to confirm kidney disease. Diagnosis relies on an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) test and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) test. Risk is higher for people with diabetes or high blood pressure, those with a family history of the disease, and older adults. People at higher risk are therefore advised to get regular screening, even if they have no symptoms. The presence of these signs does not necessarily mean someone has kidney disease, and their absence does not rule it out.
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