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Patriarch Elias Howayek and the state before the entity
The article explores the legacy of Patriarch Elias Hoyek and his role in shaping the idea of the Lebanese state even before its official founding. He was among the early contributors to developing the concept of a state with internal legitimacy—one that is acceptable collectively and conducive to coexistence among society’s diverse components. The piece emphasizes that Hoyek's efforts went beyond merely advocating for Lebanon's independence as a sovereign entity; he also championed the philosophy of confessionalism, based on recognizing cultural and religious diversity and promoting shared living. This approach laid the foundation for the core of the modern Lebanese state. Furthermore, it explains that the concepts of confessionalism and the rule of law—built on consensus and justice—played a significant role in shaping a national identity rooted in shared belonging, rather than coercion. These ideas continue to serve as a guiding reference in national debates to this day.
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