Iraq's Sovereignty Under Question
After the US withdrawal from Iraq on September 30, 2026, the most important question remains: who holds the decision-making power in the country? This is particularly relevant following the dismantling of the control network over weapons since 2003 and the domination of state institutions, which has led to a decline in the state's sovereignty in the face of parallel power centers. Although Iraq has nominally regained sovereignty, the state currently represents a "grey sovereignty" characterized by multiple sources of power and a distribution of influence, with weapons remaining completely outside of government control—especially the influence of armed factions like the Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al-Shabi). The greatest challenge remains Iraq's ability to transform these sources from areas of conflict into factors that enable the exercise of true sovereignty—meaning the capacity to make decisive decisions, ensuring that the ultimate authority resides with the state, not factions or regional powers.
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