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The article explores the evolution of the concept of human consciousness throughout history, with a focus on the theory of American psychologist Julian Jaynes. Jaynes proposed that inner awareness and self-reflection only appeared in humans approximately 4,000 years ago, following the emergence of language and culture. According to Jaynes, ancient humans distinguished between perception and comprehension, but did not possess self-awareness at the level we have today. Instead, they relied on language and metaphors to construct an internal image of the self. Jaynes based his theory on the analysis of ancient human texts, such as the Iliad, hypothesizing that people in that era lacked personal consciousness. He suggested that characters in such texts interacted with commands from gods without internal awareness, resembling a kind of "two-chambered mind" that explains how thoughts could originate from separate mental processes. He believes that modern consciousness arose around the second millennium BCE, after humans had lived for thousands of years with a different concept of self and awareness. It was only later that they developed the inner understanding and subjective experiences we live today.
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