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Spain launches Tetouan War against Morocco
On October 22, 1859, Spain officially declared war on Morocco, leading to the outbreak of the Tetouan War, which lasted until 1860. Spain exploited Morocco's internal crisis, demanding reparations and apologies, and its forces attacked Ceuta and Tetouan. Despite the enthusiasm of the Moroccan troops, their equipment was weak compared to Spanish artillery, which resulted in the occupation of Tetouan near the end of the war. The conflict concluded with the Rass El-‘Aïn Treaty, which imposed a hefty financial penalty on Morocco, expanded Spanish control over Ceuta and Melilla, and included the cession of territories in the south. The war revealed Morocco’s military and economic weaknesses, opening the door for subsequent European interventions, which eventually led to the imposition of French protectorate over Morocco in 1912.
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