Ceuta and Melilla: Moroccan cities or Spanish territories
The cities of Ceuta and Melilla are among the most sensitive issues in the relations between Morocco and Spain. They are located on the northern coast of Africa and are under Spanish autonomous governance, despite Morocco's insistence on their reclamation. Historically, the settlement of these two cities began in the 15th century with the expansion of Portugal and Spain. Portugal controlled Ceuta in 1415, followed by Spain's control of Melilla in 1497. Spain cemented its sovereignty over them through the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, despite Morocco's ongoing efforts to regain both cities through military and political means. Since the 20th century, the two cities have served as gateways to Europe, with increasing irregular migration. The most significant wave was in 2026, which saw the influx of about 60,000 migrants and resulted in considerable human losses. The cities hold strategic and economic importance, especially Ceuta, which is a vital port and trading hub, and Melilla, which depends on its port and fishing industry. Despite improvements in relations, the issue of sovereignty and rights remains on the bilateral agenda, complicated by geography and history, and ongoing security and humanitarian challenges.
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