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Faith vs State Power
The roots of the conflict between religious and political authorities go back to the rise of cities and states. It emerged early in Sumerian civilization, before Hammurabi, when priests wielded considerable influence through temples and their property, while rulers sought to govern society and consolidate their power. Hammurabi’s Code marked an important moment in this rivalry: it regulated social affairs through law and strengthened the king’s role in administering justice, though it did not achieve equality in the modern sense. The article concludes that the flourishing of civilization depends on diverse sources of knowledge and on law, art, and reason remaining independent of monopoly. The enduring challenge is to prevent the ruler from becoming an absolute authority and the religious institution from assuming guardianship over society.
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