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BOJ sees population drag
The Bank of Japan linked weak growth in total consumer spending to the accelerating decline in the population, noting that lower consumption does not necessarily signal a deterioration in household demand. The population fell 2.5% in 2025, its fastest decline since 1920 and at three times the rate recorded in 2020. Meanwhile, per capita consumption rose about 4% since 2015, while total consumption remained flat. Distinguishing weak demand from demographic decline is important ahead of the monetary policy meeting on December 18, as private consumption accounts for about half of Japan’s economy and influences the anticipated interest-rate hike decision.
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