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The article focuses on Egypt's efforts to diversify its financing tools and reduce pressures on external debt through debt swaps with countries such as China, Germany, and Italy. This mechanism is used to convert part of the external obligations into investments and development projects within the country, helping to decrease the need for new borrowing, improve debt indicators, support development plans, and make financing more flexible—especially amid rising global financing costs and the impact of regional and international economic crises.
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