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Hume's critique of substance and causality
The article focused on David Hume's critique of the concept of the physical substance and the law of causality. Firstly, he denied the existence of the physical substance because it cannot be perceived through the senses. Secondly, he rejected the law of causality because it cannot be directly proven through the senses, considering that what we observe as sequences are results of habit rather than necessary causes. It also noted that Muslim philosophers, such as Al-Ghazali, also supported the denial of the law of causality, viewing the relationship between cause and effect as merely temporal sequences. This stance was a response to a sensualist theory that relies solely on the senses as the source of knowledge—a position stemming from a preference for the senses over reason. The article explains that the rejection of these two concepts resulted from Hume's theoretical insistence on the senses as the sole source of knowledge. This philosophical critique is fundamental to modern philosophy because it changes our understanding of origin and causality.
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